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"description": "Overview of the\n \n Korematsu Supreme Court case\n \n —as well as the related\n \n Hirabayashi\n \n ,\n \n Yasui\n \n , and\n \n Endo\n \n cases—as part of Marshall Cavendish Benchmark's \"Supreme Court Milestones\" series.",
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"body": "<div class=\"mw-parser-output\">\n <div class=\"floatright\">\n </div>\n <div class=\"rgonly\">\n <!--\"rgdatabox-CoreDisplay\" removed-->\n <div id=\"rgdatabox-Core\" style=\"display:none;\">\n <p>\n RGMediaType:books;\nTitle:Korematsu v. United States: Japanese-American Internment;\nCreators:Susan Dudley Gold;\nInterestLevel:Grades 9-12;\nReadingLevel:Grades 9-12;\nGuidedReadingLevel:;\nLexile:;\nTheme:Convention and rebellion; Evils of racism; Individual versus society; Injustice; Rights - individual or societal;\nGenre:Young Adult; History;\nPoV:Third-person narrative;\nRelatedEvents:;\nAvailability:Available;\nFreeWebVersion:Yes;\nPrimarySecondary:;\nHasTeachingAids:No;\nWarnings:;\nDenshoTopic:;\nGeography:;\nChronology:1940s to 2000s;\nFacility:;\n </p>\n </div>\n </div>\n <div id=\"databox-Books\" style=\"display:none;\">\n <p>\n Title:Korematsu v. United States: Japanese-American Internment;\nAuthor:Susan Dudley Gold;\nIllustrator:;\nOrigTitle:;\nCountry:;\nLanguage:;\nSeries:Supreme Court Milestones;\nGenre:Young Adult;\nPublisher:Marshall Cavendish Benchmark;\nPubDate:2006;\nCurrentPublisher:;\nCurrentPubDate:;\nMediaType:;\nPages:160;\nAwards:;\nISBN:;\nWorldCatLink:\n <a class=\"external free offsite\" href=\"https://www.worldcat.org/title/korematsu-v-united-states-japanese-american-internment/oclc/57564674\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n https://www.worldcat.org/title/korematsu-v-united-states-japanese-american-internment/oclc/57564674\n </a>\n ;\n </p>\n </div>\n <p>\n Overview of the\n <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"https://encyclopedia.densho.org/wiki/Korematsu_v._United_States\" title=\"Korematsu v. United States\">\n Korematsu Supreme Court case\n </a>\n —as well as the related\n <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"https://encyclopedia.densho.org/wiki/Hirabayashi_v._United_States\" title=\"Hirabayashi v. United States\">\n Hirabayashi\n </a>\n ,\n <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"https://encyclopedia.densho.org/wiki/Yasui_v._United_States\" title=\"Yasui v. United States\">\n Yasui\n </a>\n , and\n <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"https://encyclopedia.densho.org/wiki/Ex_parte_Mitsuye_Endo_(1944)\" title=\"Ex parte Mitsuye Endo (1944)\">\n Endo\n </a>\n cases—as part of Marshall Cavendish Benchmark's \"Supreme Court Milestones\" series.\n </p>\n <div class=\"section\" id=\"Synopsis\">\n <h2>\n <span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Synopsis\">\n Synopsis\n </span>\n </h2>\n <div class=\"section_content\">\n <p>\n After a brief introduction introducing the case and noting its dubious place in history and current relevance, author Susan Dudley Gold tells the main story tells the main story in seven chapters. Chapter One, \"A Date Which Will Live in Infamy,\" introduces\n <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"https://encyclopedia.densho.org/wiki/Fred_Korematsu\" title=\"Fred Korematsu\">\n Fred Korematsu\n </a>\n against the backdrop of the attack on Pearl Harbor and a quick rundown of Japanese immigration and the\n <a class=\"mw-redirect encyc notrg\" href=\"https://encyclopedia.densho.org/wiki/Anti-Japanese_movement\" title=\"Anti-Japanese movement\">\n anti-Japanese movement\n </a>\n . Chapter Two, \"A Viper Is Nonetheless a Viper,\" covers the events leading to\n <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"https://encyclopedia.densho.org/wiki/Executive_Order_9066\" title=\"Executive Order 9066\">\n Executive Order 9066\n </a>\n as well as the roundup of West Coast Japanese Americans and their subsequent incarceration. The next four chapters, on the Japanese American Cases, form the heart of the book. \"Citizens Go to Court,\" looks at Korematsu's decision to defy the exclusion orders and his subsequent arrest and introduces the three other key cases—as well as the Wakayama case—and initial trials and convictions. \"U.S. Supreme Court Round I\" focuses on the\n <i>\n Hirabayashi\n </i>\n and\n <i>\n Yasui\n </i>\n cases before the Supreme Court, summarizing the various briefs and opinions of the court; \"U.S. Supreme Court Round II\" summarizes the briefs and oral arguments of\n <i>\n Korematsu\n </i>\n and\n <i>\n Endo\n </i>\n . \"The Decision\" summarizes the various opinions in the\n <i>\n Korematsu\n </i>\n and\n <i>\n Endo\n </i>\n decisions and the ending of the incarceration. A final chapter, \"Justice at Last,\" covers the\n <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"https://encyclopedia.densho.org/wiki/Coram_nobis_cases\" title=\"Coram nobis cases\">\n <i>\n coram nobis\n </i>\n cases\n </a>\n , Korematsu's later life, and the Hamdi and Guantanamo Bay cases.\n </p>\n <p>\n The book also includes a timeline, notes, suggestions for further reading, and a bibliography. Historic photographs are interspersed in the text, as are sometime lengthy sidebars that cover topics such as\n <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"https://encyclopedia.densho.org/wiki/German_and_Italian_detainees\" title=\"German and Italian detainees\">\n German and Italian internment\n </a>\n during World Wars I and II, the structure of the court system, and life in\n <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"https://encyclopedia.densho.org/wiki/Topaz\" title=\"Topaz\">\n Topaz\n </a>\n (where Korematsu was incarcerated).\n </p>\n </div>\n </div>\n <div class=\"section\" id=\"Additional_Information\">\n <h2>\n <span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Additional_Information\">\n Additional Information\n </span>\n </h2>\n <div class=\"section_content\">\n <p>\n Author Susan Dudley Gold (1949– ) has written some sixty non-fiction books for juvenile audiences since 1985, with many on health related or legal topics. A native of Portland, Maine, she was a writer for various Maine-based newspapers and has authored several books for adult audiences on aspects of Maine history.\n </p>\n <p>\n <i>\n Korematsu v. United States\n </i>\n contains a lot of historical information and detail that is mostly accurate. The author credits David M. O'Brien of the Woodrow Wilson Department of Politics at the University of Virginia with reviewing the text. There are, however, still a few errors: a claim that the\n <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"https://encyclopedia.densho.org/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1924\" title=\"Immigration Act of 1924\">\n Immigration Act of 1924\n </a>\n barred\n <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"https://encyclopedia.densho.org/wiki/Issei\" title=\"Issei\">\n Issei\n </a>\n from becoming American citizens (page 17; the\n <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"https://encyclopedia.densho.org/wiki/Ozawa_v._United_States\" title=\"Ozawa v. United States\">\n Ozawa v. U.S.\n </a>\n Supreme Court case had definitively established the ban on Issei naturalization two years prior); a claim that the \"government failed to produce solid evidence of treason against the United States by even one Japanese American during World War II\" (21; there were three treason related related cases involving Japanese Americans; see\n <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"https://encyclopedia.densho.org/wiki/Prosecution_of_the_Shitara_Sisters\" title=\"Prosecution of the Shitara Sisters\">\n Prosecution of the Shitara Sisters\n </a>\n ,\n <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"https://encyclopedia.densho.org/wiki/Tomoya_Kawakita\" title=\"Tomoya Kawakita\">\n Tomoya Kawakita\n </a>\n , and\n <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"https://encyclopedia.densho.org/wiki/Iva_Toguri\" title=\"Iva Toguri\">\n Iva Toguri 'dAquino\n </a>\n ); a claim that arrested/interned Issei were not allowed lawyers at their hearings (21; while true on the continental U.S., internees in Hawai'i were allowed lawyers in their hearings); a claim that\n <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"https://encyclopedia.densho.org/wiki/Milton_Eisenhower\" title=\"Milton Eisenhower\">\n Milton Eisenhower\n </a>\n was \"replaced\" as director of the\n <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"https://encyclopedia.densho.org/wiki/War_Relocation_Authority\" title=\"War Relocation Authority\">\n War Relocation Authority\n </a>\n for political reasons (49; he stepped down on his own accord); describes the removal of Japanese Americans from\n <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"https://encyclopedia.densho.org/wiki/Military_Areas_1_and_2\" title=\"Military Areas 1 and 2\">\n Military Area No. 2\n </a>\n , but does not mention that this took place only in the California portion (51; Japanese Americans the Oregon, Washington, or Arizona portions of Military Area No. 2 were not evicted); refers to the Northern California office of\n <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"https://encyclopedia.densho.org/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union\" title=\"American Civil Liberties Union\">\n American Civil Liberties Union\n </a>\n (ACLU) as the \"California ACLU\" (100; there were both Northern California and Southern California ACLU office that held opposing views on the national ACLU policy of not directly challenging Executive Order 9066); a claim that\n <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"https://encyclopedia.densho.org/wiki/Saburo_Kido\" title=\"Saburo Kido\">\n Saburo Kido\n </a>\n and\n <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"https://encyclopedia.densho.org/wiki/A.L._Wirin\" title=\"A.L. Wirin\">\n A.L Wirin\n </a>\n wrote the\n <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"https://encyclopedia.densho.org/wiki/Japanese_American_Citizens_League\" title=\"Japanese American Citizens League\">\n Japanese American Citizens League\n </a>\n <i>\n amicus\n </i>\n brief in Korematsu case (101; the brief was written by\n <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"https://encyclopedia.densho.org/wiki/Manzanar\" title=\"Manzanar\">\n Manzanar\n </a>\n <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"https://encyclopedia.densho.org/wiki/Community_analysts\" title=\"Community analysts\">\n community analyst\n </a>\n <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"https://encyclopedia.densho.org/wiki/Morris_Opler\" title=\"Morris Opler\">\n Morris Opler\n </a>\n ); summarizes the\n <i>\n <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"https://encyclopedia.densho.org/wiki/Duncan_v._Kahanamoku\" title=\"Duncan v. Kahanamoku\">\n Duncan v. Kahanamoku\n </a>\n </i>\n case challenging\n <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"https://encyclopedia.densho.org/wiki/Martial_law_in_Hawaii\" title=\"Martial law in Hawaii\">\n martial law in Hawai'i\n </a>\n by claiming the Supreme Court cited the\n <i>\n Milligan\n </i>\n case \"to overturn the charges against a Japanese American\" (113; neither Lloyd Duncan nor Harry White, whose case was combined with Duncan's were Japanese American); claims the\n <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"https://encyclopedia.densho.org/wiki/Civil_Liberties_Act_of_1988\" title=\"Civil Liberties Act of 1988\">\n Civil Liberties Act of 1988\n </a>\n \"authorized payments of $20,000 to each of those held in the camps\" (123; only those still alive as of the signing of the bill on August 10, 1988 were eligible). Also several Japanese American names are misspelled (e.g. \"Mastani [Masatomi or Masatami] Morikuni,\" page 74 and \"Matoru [Mamoru] Eto,\" page 121).\n </p>\n <div id=\"authorByline\">\n <b>\n Authored by\n <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"https://encyclopedia.densho.org/wiki/Brian_Niiya\" title=\"Brian Niiya\">\n Brian Niiya\n </a>\n , Densho\n </b>\n </div>\n <div id=\"citationAuthor\" style=\"display:none;\">\n Niiya, Brian\n </div>\n </div>\n </div>\n</div>\n",
"findatia": "<div class=\"section\" id=\"Find_in_the_Digital_Library_of_Japanese_American_Incarceration\">\n <h2>\n <span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Find_in_the_Digital_Library_of_Japanese_American_Incarceration\">\n Find in the Digital Library of Japanese American Incarceration\n </span>\n </h2>\n <div class=\"section_content\">\n <p>\n <b>\n <a class=\"external text offsite\" href=\"https://archive.org/details/{{{Identifier}}}\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n Korematsu v. United States: Japanese-American Internment\n </a>\n </b>\n </p>\n <p style=\"font-size:8pt;line-height:1.5;color: #aaa;\">\n This item has been made freely available in the\n <a class=\"external text offsite\" href=\"https://archive.org/details/digital-library-of-japanese-american-incarceration\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n Digital Library of Japanese American Incarceration\n </a>\n , a collaborative project with\n <a class=\"external text offsite\" href=\"https://archive.org/\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n Internet Archive\n </a>\n .\n </p>\n <p>\n <br/>\n Might also like\n <i>\n <a class=\"encyc rg\" href=\"/wiki/Fred Korematsu: All American Hero (book)/\" title=\"Fred Korematsu: All American Hero (book)\">\n Fred Korematsu: All American Hero\n </a>\n </i>\n by Anupam Chander and Madhavi Sunder;\n <i>\n <a class=\"encyc rg\" href=\"/wiki/Allegiance (book)/\" title=\"Allegiance (book)\">\n Allegiance\n </a>\n </i>\n by Kermit Roosevelt;\n <i>\n <a class=\"encyc rg\" href=\"/wiki/Manzanar and Beyond (book)/\" title=\"Manzanar and Beyond (book)\">\n Manzanar and Beyond: Memoirs of Frank F. Chuman\n </a>\n </i>\n by Frank F. Chuman\n </p>\n <div id=\"RelatedArticlesDisplay\">\n <div class=\"section\" id=\"Related_Articles\">\n <h2>\n <span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"Related_Articles\">\n Related Articles\n </span>\n </h2>\n <div class=\"section_content\">\n <p class=\"mw-empty-elt\">\n </p>\n <div id=\"RelatedArticlesSectionDisplay\">\n <div class=\"section\" id=\"\">\n <h3>\n <span class=\"mw-headline\" id=\"\">\n </span>\n </h3>\n <div class=\"section_content\">\n <p class=\"mw-empty-elt\">\n </p>\n <ul>\n <li>\n <a class=\"encyc notrg\" href=\"https://encyclopedia.densho.org/wiki/Children%27s_and_young_adults%27_books_on_incarceration\" title=\"Children's and young adults' books on incarceration\">\n Children's and young adults' books on incarceration\n </a>\n </li>\n </ul>\n </div>\n </div>\n </div>\n </div>\n </div>\n </div>\n <!-- \nNewPP limit report\nCached time: 20230613175426\nCache expiry: 86400\nDynamic content: false\nComplications: []\nCPU time usage: 0.023 seconds\nReal time usage: 0.032 seconds\nPreprocessor visited node count: 368/1000000\nPost‐expand include size: 8426/2097152 bytes\nTemplate argument size: 1602/2097152 bytes\nHighest expansion depth: 6/40\nExpensive parser function count: 0/100\nUnstrip recursion depth: 0/20\nUnstrip post‐expand size: 0/5000000 bytes\nExtLoops count: 0\n-->\n <!--\nTransclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template)\n100.00% 14.108 1 -total\n 19.41% 2.739 1 Template:RelatedArticles\n 16.44% 2.319 1 Template:RGDatabox-Core\n 15.03% 2.120 1 Template:Databox-Books\n 9.74% 1.374 1 Template:Published\n 9.65% 1.362 1 Template:RelatedArticlesSection\n 9.57% 1.350 1 Template:AuthorByline\n 9.31% 1.313 1 Template:FindAtIA\n 9.28% 1.309 1 Template:publish-rgonly\n 9.02% 1.273 1 Template:Status2\n-->\n <!-- Saved in parser cache with key encycmw:pcache:idhash:3611-0!canonical and timestamp 20230613175426 and revision id 29703\n -->\n </div>\n</div>"
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