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            "id": "Alice and the Bear (short story)",
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            "title": "Alice and the Bear (short story)",
            "description": "Short story by Kiyoshi Parker about an old woman whose trip to a\n  \n   Little Tokyo\n  \n  store with her great-granddaughter brings back memories of her camp experience. Alice Miyamoto visits Little Tokyo in Los Angeles for the first time in thirty years with her family. After lunch, her daughter suggests they go visit the\n  \n   Go For Broke Monument\n  \n  . But on the way, her four-year-old great-granddaughter drags her into a store and picks up a stuffed Totoro toy. Alice is immediately reminded of a stuffed bear she had as a child of about the same age that was her constant companion when she was in an unspecified concentration camp.",
            "url_title": "Alice and the Bear (short story)",
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                "Grades 9-12",
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                "Companionship as salvation",
                "Desire to escape",
                "Growing up – pain or pleasure",
                "Power of the past"
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            "id": "American Dreams (book)",
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            "title": "American Dreams (book)",
            "description": "Chapter book for children about two eleven-year-old girls in Hollywood, one white and one Japanese American, in the weeks just before and just after the attack on Pearl Harbor.",
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                "Grades 3-5"
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                "Evils of racism",
                "Coming of age",
                "Injustice",
                "Growing up – pain or pleasure"
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            "id": "Blood Hina (book)",
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            "index": "2 2/{'value': 54, 'relation': 'eq'}",
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            "title": "Blood Hina (book)",
            "description": "The fourth book in the Mas Arai Mysteries series by Naomi Hirahara finds the\n  \n   Kibei\n  \n  gardener coming to the aid of his best friend, Haruo Mukai, whose impending wedding is interrupted by accusations of theft and by his sudden disappearance.",
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                "Family – blessing or curse",
                "Hazards of passing judgment",
                "Heroism – real and perceived",
                "Love and sacrifice"
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            "id": "Both Alike in Dignity (short story)",
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            "title": "Both Alike in Dignity (short story)",
            "description": "Short story by Chester Sakamoto about an elderly Holocaust survivor who mistakenly gets off the bus in\n  \n   Little Tokyo\n  \n  , where he meets an elderly Nisei man. One Sunday, on his weekly visit to a friend in Pasadena, Mr. Muncznik gets off the bus too early and ends up in Little Tokyo. Sitting to get his bearings, he finds himself next to a statue of a Japanese man. Friendly Mr. Sata stops and explains that it is a statue of Chiune Sugihara, a Japanese diplomat who risked his career and safety to help thousands of Jews escape Lithuania during the war. Conversation ensues about each man's wartime experience—Mr. Sata had lived in Little Tokyo before the war and had been sent with his family to\n  \n   Heart Mountain\n  \n  —revealing a startling coincidence.",
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                "Evils of racism",
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                "War – glory, necessity, pain, tragedy",
                "Wisdom of experience"
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            "id": "Burma Rifles: A Story of Merrill's Marauders (book)",
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            "title": "Burma Rifles: A Story of Merrill's Marauders (book)",
            "description": "Book for young readers by Frank Bonham centering on a\n  \n   Nisei\n  \n  intelligence soldier in Burma during World War II. Published in 1960, it is among the first children's books to depict the wartime incarceration of Japanese Americans.",
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                "Military"
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                "Grades 9-12"
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                "Heroism – real and perceived",
                "Injustice",
                "Vulnerability of the strong",
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                "Grades 7-8",
                "Grades 9-12"
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            "id": "Comforting the Afflicted (film)",
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            "title": "Comforting the Afflicted (film)",
            "description": "Moderated panel discussion led by Phil Shigekuni with four prominent Japanese American Protestant ministers with ties to Los Angeles who were incarcerated during World War II. Three—Rev.\n  \n   Paul Nagano\n  \n  , Rev. John Miyabe, and Bishop Roy Sano—were at the\n  \n   Poston\n  \n  , Arizona, concentration camp, while Rev. Sam Tonomura was a boy in British Columbia caught up in the forced removal of Japanese Canadians during the war. The discussion covers the men's experiences during the war and the role of the church during the incarceration, particularly with regard to issues of \"loyalty\" and resistance. The men talk about the role of the church in the\n  \n   Redress Movement\n  \n  , in bridging divides in the Japanese American community today, and in the anti-Muslim/Arab climate following the 9/11 attacks. The format of the film largely follows that of a \"talking heads\" type television program, with the insertion of still historical photographs.",
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            "rg_theme": [
                "Importance of community",
                "Overcoming – fear, weakness, vice",
                "Role of Religion – virtue or hypocrisy"
            ],
            "rg_availability": [
                "No availability"
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            "id": "A Crossroad Called Manzanar (film)",
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            "title": "A Crossroad Called Manzanar (film)",
            "description": "Short dramatic film about two nine-year-old girls who are best friends—Aya Matsui and Penny Chan—in the final days before Aya's family will be forced to board busses for\n  \n   Manzanar\n  \n  . On what will be her final day of school, Penny—wearing the \"Proud to Be Chinese\" button than her mother pins on her every morning—comes to pick up Aya as usual. But after being harassed by white children on their way to school, they decide to spend the day playing in the fields and parks before heading home. Aya's family eats on the floor, the rest of their things packed or sold off. The next morning, the Matsuis report for their exile and are put on busses for Manzanar. Penny comes by their house, finding it empty and, shunned by the other kids, rides alone on the school bus to school.",
            "url_title": "A Crossroad Called Manzanar (film)",
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            "rg_interestlevel": [
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                "Grades 9-12",
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            "rg_theme": [
                "Growing up - pain or pleasure",
                "Loss of innocence"
            ],
            "rg_availability": [
                "No availability"
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        {
            "id": "Crossroads: Boyle Heights (film)",
            "model": "article",
            "index": "7 7/{'value': 54, 'relation': 'eq'}",
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            "title": "Crossroads: Boyle Heights (film)",
            "description": "A documentary film compiled from life histories of past and present residents of Boyle Heights, a working-class neighborhood east of downtown Los Angeles. From the 1920s-1950s, Boyle Heights was a racially and ethnically diverse home to immigrants from Mexico, Japan, England, Germany, Russia and Armenia as well as people from the east, the south and the southwest portions of the United States who lived, worked and worshiped in the area. The film also explores how the mass incarceration of Japanese Americans and their postwar return affected businesses and friendships. While many Japanese Americans faced hostility in other parts of Los Angeles, residents of Boyle Heights share stories of a deeper empathy with the plight of those incarcerated.\n  \n   Crossroads: Boyle Heights\n  \n  was originally produced to accompany the exhibition\n  \n   Boyle Heights: The Power of Place\n  \n  (2002) at the\n  \n   Japanese American National Museum\n  \n  .",
            "url_title": "Crossroads: Boyle Heights (film)",
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                "Arts"
            ],
            "rg_rgmediatype": [
                "films"
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            "rg_interestlevel": [
                "Grades 9-12",
                "Adult"
            ],
            "rg_genre": [
                "Documentary"
            ],
            "rg_theme": [
                "Importance of community",
                "Immigrant experience",
                "Working class struggles",
                "Growing up – pain or pleasure"
            ],
            "rg_availability": [
                "Widely available"
            ],
            "rg_rgmediatype_label": "Films and Video",
            "rg_rgmediatype_icon": "fa-film"
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        {
            "id": "Doka B-100 (short story)",
            "model": "article",
            "index": "8 8/{'value': 54, 'relation': 'eq'}",
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            },
            "title": "Doka B-100 (short story)",
            "description": "Short story by Ernest Nagamatsu on the difficult adjustment to civilian life of a group of World War II veterans. Written in the first person voice of an ex-GI named Hamamoto in 1954, \"Doka B-100\" coveys both Hamamoto's alienation and the welcoming embrace of\n  \n   Little Tokyo Los Angeles\n  \n  . Estranged from his domineering father because of the way he left the service (despite serving heroically in the\n  \n   442nd\n  \n  , he quit before his time was up) and his choice of social work as an occupation, Hamamoto's wife had decided to go back to her family in Chicago with their daughter to get away from the arguments. Finding a small apartment in Little Tokyo and a part time job in a diner, he finds a niche in starting to counsel the veterans who would gather in a Little Tokyo pool hall. That work eventually leads to a paying job with the Veterans Administration. The story also incorporates Hamamoto's concentration camp experience and how his family was able to keep their house with the help of neighbors. The title comes from the address of the pool hall and the veterans' customary greeting to each other.",
            "url_title": "Doka B-100 (short story)",
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                "Arts"
            ],
            "rg_rgmediatype": [
                "short stories"
            ],
            "rg_interestlevel": [
                "Grades 9-12",
                "Adult"
            ],
            "rg_theme": [
                "Character – destruction, building up",
                "Family – blessing or curse",
                "Importance of community",
                "Overcoming – fear, weakness, vice",
                "Working class struggles"
            ],
            "rg_availability": [
                "Widely available"
            ],
            "rg_rgmediatype_label": "Short Stories",
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        {
            "id": "Flowers from Mariko (book)",
            "model": "article",
            "index": "9 9/{'value': 54, 'relation': 'eq'}",
            "links": {
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            },
            "title": "Flowers from Mariko (book)",
            "description": "Picture book for children about a Japanese American family's World War II incarceration and difficulties in restarting their lives after the war, told from the perspective of a young girl of about nine of ten. Mariko, her little sister Emi, and their parents live in Los Angeles before the war, where their father works as a gardener. When they are forced to leave, he leaves his gardening truck and equipment with their landlord. When Japanese Americans are allowed to\n  \n   return to the West Coast\n  \n  in 1945, the family makes plans to return. However their father finds that his truck and equipment have been sold, and the former landlord is nowhere to be found. The family is forced to live in a government-run\n  \n   trailer park\n  \n  upon their return, and her father is unable to find work. One day, he finds some old equipment in the trash, along with some flower seeds. Remembering the flower garden he had planted in the concentration camp (the particular camp is not specified), Mariko plants the seeds, hoping the flowers will cheer him up. The flowers eventually bloom, coinciding with her father finding the means to restart his gardening business. A one-page Author's Note provides a brief summary of the historical events from the roundup of Japanese Americans after\n  \n   Executive Order 9066\n  \n  to\n  \n   Civil Liberties Act of 1988\n  \n  .",
            "url_title": "Flowers from Mariko (book)",
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                "Grades 3-5"
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            "rg_genre": [
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                "Historical Fiction"
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            "rg_theme": [
                "Growing up – pain or pleasure",
                "Heartbreak of betrayal",
                "Optimism – power or folly",
                "Overcoming – fear, weakness, vice",
                "Working class struggles"
            ],
            "rg_readinglevel": [
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            ],
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                "Widely available"
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        {
            "id": "From a Different Shore: An American Identity (film)",
            "model": "article",
            "index": "10 10/{'value': 54, 'relation': 'eq'}",
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            "title": "From a Different Shore: An American Identity (film)",
            "description": "Documentary film produced by Great Britain's The Open University that examines the Japanese American community by focusing on three families in Los Angeles.",
            "url_title": "From a Different Shore: An American Identity (film)",
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                "Arts"
            ],
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            "rg_interestlevel": [
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            ],
            "rg_genre": [
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            ],
            "rg_theme": [
                "Change versus tradition",
                "Importance of community",
                "Power of the past",
                "Reunion"
            ],
            "rg_availability": [
                "Limited availability"
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            "rg_rgmediatype_label": "Films and Video",
            "rg_rgmediatype_icon": "fa-film"
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        {
            "id": "Ganbatte: Sixty-year Struggle of a Kibei Worker (book)",
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            "index": "11 11/{'value': 54, 'relation': 'eq'}",
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            "title": "Ganbatte: Sixty-year Struggle of a Kibei Worker (book)",
            "description": "Kibei\n  \n  -\n  \n   Nisei\n  \n  labor organizer and communist shares his life story, including his unique experiences during World War II as the husband of a white woman with a mixed-race child incarcerated while he served with the\n  \n   Military Intelligence Service\n  \n  in the Pacific Theater.",
            "url_title": "Ganbatte: Sixty-year Struggle of a Kibei Worker (book)",
            "categories": [
                "Arts"
            ],
            "rg_rgmediatype": [
                "books"
            ],
            "rg_genre": [
                "Memoir"
            ],
            "rg_theme": [
                "Capitalism - effect on the individual",
                "Convention and rebellion",
                "Empowerment",
                "Important of community",
                "Injustice",
                "Rights - individual and societal",
                "Self-awareness",
                "Working class struggles"
            ],
            "rg_availability": [
                "Available"
            ],
            "rg_rgmediatype_label": "Books",
            "rg_rgmediatype_icon": "fa-book"
        },
        {
            "id": "Gardens of Hope (book)",
            "model": "article",
            "index": "12 12/{'value': 54, 'relation': 'eq'}",
            "links": {
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                "json": "https://resourceguide.densho.org/api/3.0/articles/Gardens%20of%20Hope%20(book)/?format=api"
            },
            "title": "Gardens of Hope (book)",
            "description": "Novel about the short but life changing romance between a young white man and a\n  \n   Nisei\n  \n  man during World War II. The story begins in 2004, as the elderly Jack Henry asks his nephew to drive him to the Manzanar National Historic Site. On the way, he tells the nephew the story of his connection to the place. As the story begins in Los Angeles the fall of 1942, Jack seems to have everything: a loving family, a smart and attractive fiancée, and good prospects for a career as a teacher. However as a closeted gay man, he is confused and unhappy. Drawn to Pershing Park downtown, he has a series of furtive sexual encounters with other men before meeting Hiro, a handsome young Nisei. Their affair is immediately different and deeper than the others. When the outbreak of war separates them, Jack impulsively decides to become a teacher at\n  \n   Manzanar\n  \n  . While there, they connect again, though again circumstances separate them after a short period of time. Back in 2004, Jack's first return to Manzanar in sixty years brings memories of that time flooding back.",
            "url_title": "Gardens of Hope (book)",
            "categories": [
                "Arts"
            ],
            "rg_rgmediatype": [
                "books"
            ],
            "rg_interestlevel": [
                "Grades 9-12",
                "Adult"
            ],
            "rg_genre": [
                "Historical Fiction"
            ],
            "rg_theme": [
                "Companionship as salvation",
                "Everlasting love",
                "Evils of racism",
                "Loss of innocence",
                "Self-awareness"
            ],
            "rg_availability": [
                "Widely available"
            ],
            "rg_rgmediatype_label": "Books",
            "rg_rgmediatype_icon": "fa-book"
        },
        {
            "id": "Heiji (short story)",
            "model": "article",
            "index": "13 13/{'value': 54, 'relation': 'eq'}",
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                "json": "https://resourceguide.densho.org/api/3.0/articles/Heiji%20(short%20story)/?format=api"
            },
            "title": "Heiji (short story)",
            "description": "Short story by Jeff Tsuyoshi Matsuda about a disheveled elderly\n  \n   Nisei\n  \n  widower who goes to a empty field in his Westchester, California, neighborhood every day for reasons that no one can figure out. In slowly revealing the reason for his quest, Heiji Taguma's wartime family history is revealed. His family had farmed twenty acres in the area before the war, but lost their crops and their farm in the mass incarceration of Japanese Americans during World War II. Heiji's father Masu was among the\n  \n   Issei\n  \n  arrested by the FBI and was taken to the\n  \n   Bismarck\n  \n  , North Dakota internment camp, eventually rejoining his family at\n  \n   Manzanar\n  \n  . But he returned a broken man: while Heiji\n  \n   resettled in Chicago\n  \n  , he refused to leave Manzanar and died there just after the end of the war. Heiji's odd ritual seemed to have been triggered by the death of his wife Keiko, who had once cooked all his meals and washed and selected his clothes.",
            "url_title": "Heiji (short story)",
            "categories": [
                "Arts"
            ],
            "rg_rgmediatype": [
                "short stories"
            ],
            "rg_interestlevel": [
                "Grades 9-12",
                "Adult"
            ],
            "rg_genre": [
                "Fiction"
            ],
            "rg_theme": [
                "Female roles",
                "Injustice",
                "Power of the past"
            ],
            "rg_availability": [
                "No availability"
            ],
            "rg_rgmediatype_label": "Short Stories",
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        },
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            "description": "Book aimed at middle school audiences that tells the larger story of the Japanese American World War II removal and incarceration through the experiences of one typical Nisei teenager.",
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                "Displacement",
                "Evils of racism",
                "Injustice"
            ],
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                "Grades 7-8"
            ],
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            "description": "Short story by\n  \n   Hisaye Yamamoto\n  \n  about an\n  \n   Issei\n  \n  man named Kazuyuki Matsumoto, who works as a dishwasher at a Las Vegas restaurant while gambling away his wages. In flashback, we learn of his life story: boyhood in Kumamoto prefecture, then migration to the U.S. where he becomes a successful farmer in Santa Maria, California, and is soon joined by a\n  \n   \"picture bride\"\n  \n  wife, Haru and two sons. But Haru's death in childbirth after the birth of their second son changes Kazuyuki's life decisively. He sends the two boys to live with his mother in Japan and becomes a migrant laborer. At first, he sends regular remittances home, but he soon picks up a gambling habit and the payments gradually come to an end. He later brings his Kibei sons back to the U.S., where they start a new farming venture in Orange County, California, this one less successful. Then comes World War II and the three end up in an Arizona concentration camp in Arizona. While Kazuyuki works as a mess hall chef and comes to be vaguely satisfied with his life in camp, his ambitious older son Isamu volunteers for the army, only to die in combat in Italy. His second son Noriyuki initially decides to return to Japan on an exchange ship, but changes his mind when he falls in love with a\n  \n   Nisei\n  \n  girl he had met in camp. He ends up as a Japanese instructor in the army and the couple marry and settle in Los Angeles, while Kazuyuki gravitates to Las Vegas, where his co-workers dub him \"Charley.\" Health problems bring him to L.A. for care, where he stays with his son's family, though he clashes with his daughter-in-law. Despite his promises, he can never give up his gambling habit.",
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            "id": "The Legacy of a Cemetery (short story)",
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            "description": "First person reflections on a trip back to his hometown of Los Angeles by a man who had settled in New Jersey after leaving the\n  \n   Jerome\n  \n  , Arkansas, concentration camps some thirty years earlier. A visit to Evergreen Cemetery east of downtown Los Angeles brings back memories of his forced removal in 1942, remembrances of\n  \n   Nisei\n  \n  soldiers he knew who are buried there, and memories of his deceased family members.",
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                "Family – blessing or curse",
                "Optimism – power or folly",
                "Power of the past",
                "Quest for discovery"
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            "description": "Notorious 1942 Hollywood movie that depicts Japanese American leaders in Los Angeles as being part of a Japanese spy ring and that actively advocates the expulsion and incarceration of Japanese Americans using actual documentary footage.",
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                "Grades 9-12",
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                "Evils of racism",
                "Fear of other"
            ],
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                "Limited availability"
            ],
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            "id": "Little Women (A Multicultural Transposition) (play)",
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            "description": "Play by Velina Hasu Houston that reimagines Louisa May Alcott's 19th century novel\n  \n   Little Women\n  \n  , setting it in early postwar Los Angeles with four Japanese American sisters at its center.",
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                "Arts"
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            "url_title": "Living in Color: The Art of Hideo Date (exhibition)",
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            ],
            "rg_genre": [
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            "rg_theme": [
                "Expression through art",
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                "Immigrant experience"
            ],
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            "id": "Lone Heart Mountain (book)",
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            "title": "Lone Heart Mountain (book)",
            "description": "Illustrated memoir of life at\n  \n   Heart Mountain\n  \n  by artist\n  \n   Estelle Ishigo\n  \n  , a white woman married to a\n  \n   Nisei\n  \n  .",
            "url_title": "Lone Heart Mountain (book)",
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                "Evils of racism",
                "Hazards of passing judgment",
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            },
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            "description": "Short story by\n  \n   Wakako Yamauchi\n  \n  about a divorced middle-aged Japanese American writer who goes to a literary conference in Honolulu where she runs into an old boyfriend from the war years. In flashback, we learn that Sachiko—nicknamed \"Pinky\" while incarcerated in\n  \n   Poston\n  \n  with her father—had met Mitch Ochiai at the camp swimming hole, where she asked him to teach her to swim. They become a couple and continue to see each other when she resettles in Chicago while he attends the\n  \n   Military Intelligence Service Language School\n  \n  in Minnesota. But her father's illness—and eventual death—forces her to return to Poston, while Mitch heads off to war, and they lose touch. Sachiko ends up marrying Joe Noda, her block manager, and settling in Los Angeles. Though Sachiko is divorced and Mitch has never married, a rekindling of the romance in Hawai'i is not to be.",
            "url_title": "Makapuu Bay (short story)",
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            "rg_interestlevel": [
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            ],
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            "rg_theme": [
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                "Facing reality",
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                "Names – power and significance",
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            ],
            "rg_availability": [
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            ],
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            "id": "Manzanar and Beyond (book)",
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            ],
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                "Available"
            ],
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