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            "title": "Adios to Tears: The Memoirs of a Japanese-Peruvian Internee in U.S. Concentration Camps (book)",
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            "description": "American in Disguise\n  \n  is Daniel Okimoto's account of his search for identity in America and Japan. The book was originally published in 1971 by John Weatherhill, Inc, with a foreword by James Michener.",
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            "description": "Memoir of\n  \n   Kibei\n  \n  scholar Minoru Kiyota (1923–2013) that focuses on the difficult World War II years that saw him incarcerated in American concentration camps and eventually renouncing his U.S. citizenship. Originally published as a Japanese language autobiographical novel in 1990, it was translated and reworked into an English language memoir published in 1997 by the University of Hawai'i Press.",
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            "description": "A Nisei shares his family's heart-wrenching experience of wartime incarceration and the complex background behind their decision to go to Japan instead of staying in the U.S. after the end of the war.",
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            "title": "California Generation (book)",
            "description": "Popular 1970 novel by Jacqueline Briskin that follows a group of students from the class of 1960 at fictitious California High—one of them a\n  \n   Sansei\n  \n  born in\n  \n   Topaz\n  \n  —through the touchstone events of the turbulent decade. Though a first novel,\n  \n   California Generation\n  \n  was widely promoted and launched Briskin's career as a best-selling novelist.",
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            "title": "Calling Tokyo: Japanese American Radio Broadcasters During World War II (film)",
            "description": "Documentary film directed by Gary T. Ono that tells the story of a small group of Japanese Americans recruited out of the concentration camps to work for the British Political Warfare Mission (BPWM) and\n  \n   Office of War Information\n  \n  (OWI) as translators and broadcasters of propaganda aimed at Japan. The small group—eight who worked for the OWI and four for the BPWM—were mostly Kibei and worked out of a Denver studio. Both groups translated American news reports that were made into radio scripts and broadcasts transmitted by shortwave radio. The operation later moved to San Francisco in February 1945, when Japanese Americans were allowed to return to the West Coast.",
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                "Grades 9-12",
                "Adult"
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            "rg_genre": [
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            ],
            "rg_theme": [
                "Patriotism - complications",
                "War - glory, necessity, pain, tragedy"
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            "rg_readinglevel": [
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            "id": "A Bridge Between Us (book)",
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            "title": "A Bridge Between Us (book)",
            "description": "Critically acclaimed 1995 novel by Julie Shigekuni that is both a multi-generational family saga about a Japanese American family in San Francisco and a coming-of-age novel centered on a fifth-generation Japanese American woman growing up in a four generation household. The story—which includes the family's incarceration at\n  \n   Heart Mountain\n  \n  —is told from the perspectives of four women of different generations who live together in the family home in San Francisco.",
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                "Arts"
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            "rg_genre": [
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            "rg_theme": [
                "Coming of age",
                "Role of women"
            ],
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            "title": "Color of the Sea (book)",
            "description": "A coming-of-age novel by first time novelist John Hamamura centering on a\n  \n   Kibei\n  \n  raised in Japan, Hawai'i, and California and that climaxes with his wartime experiences that include arrest, the\n  \n   Military Intelligence Service\n  \n  , and the atomic bombing of Hiroshima. The book won an Alex Award from the Young Adult Library Services Association in 2007.",
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            "id": "Enemy Alien (book)",
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            "title": "Enemy Alien (book)",
            "description": "Bilingual memoir by Kiyo Hirano of her World War II experiences as an \"enemy alien\" is a rare example of an\n  \n   Issei\n  \n  woman's first-person perspective of the American concentration camps.\n  \n   Enemy Alien\n  \n  (Japanese title: Tekikoku gaijin) was translated into English by George Hirano and Yuri Kageyama and published by Japantown Arts and Media Workshop (JAM) Publications in 1983. Hirano's Japanese-English biographical account of her incarceration at the\n  \n   Merced\n  \n  Assembly Center and\n  \n   Amache\n  \n  and of her resettlement was originally written as an assignment for a creative writing class at the Japantown Arts and Media Workshop in San Francisco, and eventually published by the organization.",
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            "rg_genre": [
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            "rg_theme": [
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                "Evils of racism"
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            "rg_readinglevel": [
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                "Adult"
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        {
            "id": "Gaijin: American Prisoner of War (book)",
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            "description": "Gaijin: American Prisoner of War\n  \n  by Matt Faulkner is the story of a hapa teenage boy's struggle living in post December 7 San Francisco, California. 13-year-old Koji Miyamoto discovers that life being biracial (his mother Adeline is white and his father Ichiro is Japanese) is just as difficult inside an incarceration camp as it was outside in the city after the bombing of Pearl Harbor. Written for 5th through 8th grade readers, this graphic novel has a distinctive style of elongated caricatures colored with dark reds, yellows, blues, and browns.",
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                "Grades 9-12",
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            "rg_theme": [
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                "Isolation"
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        {
            "id": "Gasa Gasa Girl Goes to Camp (book)",
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            "index": "13 13/{'value': 41, 'relation': 'eq'}",
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            "title": "Gasa Gasa Girl Goes to Camp (book)",
            "description": "Concentration camp memoir by a\n  \n   Nisei\n  \n  artist. Ten years old at the time of the wartime incarceration, Lily Yuriko Nakai Havey was sent to\n  \n   Santa Anita Assembly Center\n  \n  and\n  \n   Amache\n  \n  with her older brother and\n  \n   Issei\n  \n  parents. Evolving from captions that accompanied displays of the author's postwar paintings,\n  \n   Gasa Gasa Girl\n  \n  intersperses stories of life in the camps with recollections of happier days with her parents, brother, and aunts in Hollywood, California, before the war. The book is illustrated by twenty-eight color reproductions of her watercolor paintings that depict both her external and internal lives during the war, as well as a like number of family photographs, archival photographs, and photographs of key objects mentioned in the text. Published by the University of Utah Press, the book includes an foreword by historian Cherstin Lyon.",
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        {
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            "title": "Gasa-Gasa Girl (book)",
            "description": "The second mystery novel in Naomi Hirahara's \"Mas Arai Mysteries\" series,\n  \n   Gasa-Gasa Girl\n  \n  finds the\n  \n   Kibei\n  \n  crime solver in New York where he reconciles with his estranged daughter and unravels the mysterious death of a wealthy\n  \n   Nisei\n  \n  businessman.",
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                "Family – blessing or curse",
                "Greed as downfall",
                "Power of the past"
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            "id": "I Call to Remembrance: Toyo Suyemoto's Years of Internment (book)",
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            "title": "I Call to Remembrance: Toyo Suyemoto's Years of Internment (book)",
            "description": "The memoir of poet\n  \n   Toyo Suyemoto\n  \n  that spans her years of incarceration in\n  \n   Tanforan Assembly Center\n  \n  and later, at\n  \n   Topaz\n  \n  in Utah, from spring 1942 to late autumn 1945. The book, published in 2007 by Rutgers University Press, focuses on the quotidian life in an American concentration camp, while coping both physically and psychologically with the brutality of imprisonment behind barbed wire. The book is dedicated to Suyemoto's son Kay and details his short life from birth in Berkeley, California, to his first steps at Tanforan in a crowded horse stall, and finally to Utah where he developed a serious asthmatic condition and pneumonia in the harsh atmosphere of camp which eventually lead to his premature death. Suyemoto's memoir includes the impact of policies and wartime decisions on her family and the larger Japanese American community, bringing insight on complex and controversial questions of loyalty, citizenship and resistance. She also chronicles her observations of the\n  \n   Issei\n  \n  women and men around her and recounts in detail the ways in which gender and identity evolve and change over the duration of their wartime incarceration.",
            "url_title": "I Call to Remembrance: Toyo Suyemoto's Years of Internment (book)",
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                "Arts"
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                "Grades 9-12",
                "Adult"
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                "Rights - individual or societal",
                "Motherhood",
                "Displacement"
            ],
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                "Grades 9-12",
                "Adult"
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            "id": "Issei and Nisei: The Internment Years (book)",
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            "links": {
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            },
            "title": "Issei and Nisei: The Internment Years (book)",
            "description": "Memoir of a young\n  \n   Issei\n  \n  Episcopal clergyman based in Washington state during the trying years of World War II. Published in the fall of 1967,\n  \n   Daisuke Kitagawa\n  \n  's account was among the first book-length first-person accounts of the Japanese American incarceration.",
            "url_title": "Issei and Nisei: The Internment Years (book)",
            "categories": [
                "Chroniclers"
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                "books"
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            "rg_interestlevel": [
                "Grades 9-12",
                "Adult"
            ],
            "rg_genre": [
                "Memoir"
            ],
            "rg_theme": [
                "Displacement",
                "Importance of community",
                "Role of religion - value or hypocrisy"
            ],
            "rg_readinglevel": [
                "Grades 9-12",
                "Adult"
            ],
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                "Available"
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        },
        {
            "id": "A Jive Bomber's Christmas (play)",
            "model": "article",
            "index": "17 17/{'value': 41, 'relation': 'eq'}",
            "links": {
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            "title": "A Jive Bomber's Christmas (play)",
            "description": "Musical play set in a World War II concentration camp by Saachiko and Dom Magwili. First produced for the\n  \n   Japanese American National Museum\n  \n  (JANM) in 1994,\n  \n   A Jive Bomber's Christmas\n  \n  became a holiday tradition in Los Angeles, enjoying a nine-year run and subsequent revivals in Los Angeles and in Hawai'i. The play was based in part on Saachiko Magwili's childhood memories of\n  \n   Heart Mountain\n  \n  and shares a structural similarity with Dom Magwili's earlier\n  \n\n    Christmas in Camp\n   \n\n  , first produced at East West Players in 1981.",
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            "rg_genre": [
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                "Importance of community",
                "Optimism - power or folly"
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                "Grades 9-12",
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                "json": "https://resourceguide.densho.org/api/3.0/articles/Journey%20to%20Washington%20(book)/?format=api"
            },
            "title": "Journey to Washington (book)",
            "description": "Ghostwritten autobiography by Senator\n  \n   Daniel K. Inouye\n  \n  of Hawai'i, authored with Lawrence Elliott and published in 1967. One of the first autobiographies by a\n  \n   Nisei\n  \n  ,\n  \n   Journey to Washington\n  \n  was published as Inouye was finishing his first term as a U.S. Senator from Hawai'i and preparing to run for reelection. The book covers his life up to that time, beginning with his grandfather leaving Japan to come to America to pay off a debt and ending with his father visiting the White House to visit President John. F. Kennedy. A success story that established a template for many Nisei memoirs to come, the book reinforced the \"\n  \n   model minority\n  \n  \" narrative then current.\n  \n   Reader's Digest\n  \n  also excerpted the book in its February 1968 issue. The book includes three forewords, by President Lyndon Johnson, Vice-President Hubert Humphrey, and Senate Majority Leader Mike Mansfield.",
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                "Chroniclers"
            ],
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            ],
            "rg_genre": [
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            "rg_theme": [
                "Self-reliance",
                "Patriotism - positive side or complications",
                "Empowerment"
            ],
            "rg_readinglevel": [
                "Grades 9-12",
                "Adult"
            ],
            "rg_availability": [
                "Limited availability"
            ],
            "rg_rgmediatype_label": "Books",
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        },
        {
            "id": "Looking Like the Enemy: My Story of Imprisonment in Japanese-American Internment Camps (book)",
            "model": "article",
            "index": "19 19/{'value': 41, 'relation': 'eq'}",
            "links": {
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            },
            "title": "Looking Like the Enemy: My Story of Imprisonment in Japanese-American Internment Camps (book)",
            "description": "Incarceration memoir of life at\n  \n   Pinedale Assembly Center\n  \n  ,\n  \n   Tule Lake\n  \n  , and\n  \n   Minidoka\n  \n  , by Mary Matsuda Gruenewald, a seventeen-year-old\n  \n   Nisei\n  \n  at the time of her and her family's forced removal from their Washington state farm. First published in 2005 by NewSage Press, it was followed by a young reader's edition in 2010.",
            "url_title": "Looking Like the Enemy: My Story of Imprisonment in Japanese-American Internment Camps (book)",
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                "Arts"
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                "Evils of racism",
                "Facing darkness",
                "Family – blessing or curse",
                "Injustice",
                "Loss of innocence",
                "Power of the past"
            ],
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                "Grades 7-8",
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            "id": "The Loom (short story)",
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            "title": "The Loom (short story)",
            "description": "Short story by R. A. Sasaki that portrays the life of a\n  \n   Nisei\n  \n  woman looking both backwards and forwards after the death of one of her daughters. Born and raised in San Francisco where her family ran a boarding house, the unnamed woman graduated from the University of California before being incarcerated with her family in\n  \n   Tanforan\n  \n  and\n  \n   Topaz\n  \n  during World War II. Returning to San Francisco after the war having married a\n  \n   Kibei\n  \n  man she had known from before the war, she has four daughters while her husband works in the flower industry. Devoted to her daughters, she is at a loss as they leave the house to pursue their own lives and after one dies in a mountain climbing accident. Her daughters' efforts to bring her out of her torpor are largely unsuccessful until one gives her a loom, through which she is able to express the feelings she cannot verbalize.",
            "url_title": "The Loom (short story)",
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                "Facing darkness",
                "Loneliness as destructive force",
                "Motherhood",
                "Power of silence"
            ],
            "rg_readinglevel": [
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            "id": "Mary Osaka, I Love You (short story)",
            "model": "article",
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            "description": "Short story by acclaimed writer John Fante about the love between a Filipino American immigrant man and a\n  \n   Nisei\n  \n  woman that takes place in Los Angeles as World War II breaks out. A part of Fante's intended novel on Filipino Americans, it was first published in\n  \n   Good Housekeeping\n  \n  magazine in October 1942.",
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            "rg_theme": [
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            "links": {
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            "description": "The first group exhibition of art created in the wartime concentration camps. Produced by the California Historical Society in 1972 as a companion to its\n  \n\n    Executive Order 9066\n   \n\n  photographic exhibition,\n  \n   Months of Waiting\n  \n  toured several venues from 1972 to 1974.",
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                "Chroniclers"
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                "Expression through Art",
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                "Power of the past"
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